ʻŌwili kila i pena mua ʻia

1) Ka uhi luna: pale i ka lā a pale i nā kukuna ultraviolet mai ka hōʻino ʻana i ka uhi; i ka wā e hiki ai ka topcoat i ka mānoanoa i kuhikuhi ʻia, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi kiʻi uhi pale mānoanoa, e hōʻemi ana i ka permeability wai a me ka oxygen permeability
ʻO ka uhi ʻana o ka primer: kōkua i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka substrate, e hōʻemi ana i ka hiki ʻole o ka pena ke desorb ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o ka ʻili pena me ka wai, a hoʻomaikaʻi pū i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion, no ka mea, aia i loko o ka primer nā pigments corrosion-inhibiting, e like me nā pigments chromate, e passivate i ka anode a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion.
2) Papa hoʻololi kemika: hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o ka pā (galvanized, galvalume, zn-al-mg, etc.) a me ka uhi (pena)
3) Uhi metalaʻo ka uhi zinc maʻamau, ka uhi aluzinc a me ka uhi zinc alumini magnesium, ka mea i loaʻa ka hopena nui loa i ke ola lawelawe o ka huahana. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka uhi metala, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala.
4) Mea hao kumu: hoʻohana ʻia ka papa ʻōwili anu, a ʻo nā waiwai like ʻole e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana o ka papa kala, e like me ka ikaika
5) Uhi lalo: pale i ka papa kila mai ka palaho ʻana mai loko mai, ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻelua papa (2/1M a i ʻole 2/2 uhi mua + uhi lalo), inā hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he papa hui, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohana i kahi ʻano papa hoʻokahi (2/1)